Prepare the Pasta: Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Cook the ziti or penne pasta according to the package instructions, but reduce the cooking time by 2 minutes to ensure the pasta stays firm. Drain well and set aside.
Sauté Aromatics and Brown Meat: Heat olive oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat. Add the chopped onion and minced garlic, sautéing until the onion softens and becomes translucent, about 2 minutes. Add the ground meat, breaking it apart with a spatula. Cook until the meat is no longer pink.
Add Seasonings and Develop Flavor: Sprinkle in fennel seeds (if using), paprika, cayenne or chili flakes, onion powder, salt, and pepper. Stir well and cook for an additional 2 minutes to toast the spices and build a rich flavor base.
Simmer the Sauce: Pour in the tomato passata and water. Add dried basil, oregano, and sugar. Stir to combine, then bring the sauce to a gentle simmer. Lower the heat and let it cook uncovered for about 10 minutes, allowing the flavors to meld and the sauce to thicken slightly. Taste and adjust seasoning if needed.
Combine Pasta and Sauce: Transfer about two cups of the sauce into the pot with the drained pasta. Toss gently to coat every piece evenly, ensuring each bite is flavorful.
Assemble the Bake: Preheat your oven to 180°C (350°F). Spread the pasta mixture evenly into a 9x13-inch baking dish. Dollop spoonfuls of ricotta cheese across the top (if using). Pour the remaining sauce over the pasta, then sprinkle the shredded mozzarella and grated parmesan evenly on top.
Bake to Perfection: Cover the baking dish loosely with aluminum foil to keep moisture in. Bake in the preheated oven for 20 minutes. Then, remove the foil and continue baking for another 10 to 15 minutes, or until the cheese is bubbly and golden brown.
Garnish and Serve: Remove from the oven and let the baked ziti cool for a few minutes. Sprinkle with fresh parsley or basil before serving to add a burst of color and freshness.